It looks like a paper but it’s rather a printable - and hopefully readable - article about a well-defined part of our VM theory. In two formats: see comment below. Thus preventing this thread floating to the top with every minor change in contents.
ABSTRACT
Starting with the Hydrogen atom as an example, a dimensionless formulation of the Schrödinger equation for many electron atoms is presented. It is shown that the energy levels $E$ of such a system are only dependent on the fine structure constant $\alpha$, the atomic number $Z$, the speed of light $c$ in vacuum and elementary particle (rest) masses $m$ of electron and nucleus. If $\alpha$ and $c$ may be assumed to be constants of nature, then $E$ is only dependent on mass $m$. Introducing the Variable Mass hypothesis (VM) leads to formulas for the so-called intrinsic redshift. Ticks of Atomic clocks $\Delta t$ are shown to be inversely proportional to mass $m$. Atomic clocks may seem the most accurate nowadays. Common timing in life, however, is still based upon seconds, minutes and hours, as parts of daylength, and days as parts of a year. This may be called the Orbital timeframe. By considering orbits of planets such as the earth, it is argued that ticks of Orbital clocks $\Delta T$ are inversely proportional to the square root of mass $m$. If it is accepted that there are two clocks instead of one, then there is a discrepancy between the Atomic ticks $\Delta t$ and the Orbital ticks $\Delta T$, due to Variable Mass. A simple differential equation is derived that relates the two timeframes. For mass in Atomic time $t$, a formula can be derived that shows exponential growth. With help of the differential equation, a formula can be derived for mass in Orbital time $T$ as well, showing quadratic growth and a beginning for $T=-A$, meaning that there is an age $A$. Empirical evidence for both the quadratic and exponential growth formulas is found in the Shrinking Kilogram. Quite unexpectedly, our version of the VM theory is consistent with the infamous C-decay. On the other hand, Variable Mass offers an explanation for the anomalous Earth’s Rotation Retardation. At last, it is proved that Leap Seconds cannot be avoided with Atomic time and Orbital time, when combined with the Variable Mass hypothesis. And there is a very simple formula for calculating them.
Comments are quite welcome !! I am prepared to change contents in the article accordingly.
HTML and PDF: paper_1.pdf , up to date 2026-09-01
Paper is published on viXra. Thanks @RedshiftDrift for the hint! However, the viXra version can NOT be made always up to date.This variable-mass dual-timeframe theory is logically self-consistent and structurally concise. It can uniformly explain the discrepancy between atomic time and orbital time, anomalies in Earth’s rotation, the origin of leap seconds, and the drifting of the international prototype kilogram, thus possessing strong theoretical merit and falsifiability. However, its mass evolution lacks a dynamical foundation, and some of its assumptions conflict with the framework of contemporary fundamental physics. Going forward, the theory can be made more robust, testable, and academically publishable by establishing a dynamics for the mass field, rigorously deriving the timescale relationship from gravitational theory, quantitatively constraining parameters with observational data, and eliminating the radical hypothesis of light-speed decay. I have relevant fundamental theories to verify these points and can propose new directions for further development.